Making the invisible visible: exploring cardiovascular regulation with a simple analog blood pressure model.

Abstract

Blood pressure regulation keeps us alive, yet its underlying mechanisms often remain abstract for students. Heart rate, stroke volume, vascular resistance, and compliance interact continuously to shape arterial pressure, but in many classrooms, these variables feel disconnected from observable outcomes. To bridge this gap, we developed a simple, low-cost analog model that allows learners to manipulate key cardiovascular parameters and immediately observe the results. The model consists of a hand-operated bicycle pump (heart), 60-mL syringe (compliance chamber), adjustable clamp (vascular resistance), manometer (arterial pressure), and transparent flow reservoir. Together, these components externalize normally hidden variables, allowing students to explore how changes in cardiac output, resistance, and compliance alter pressure waveforms and flow dynamics in real time. The flow reservoir provides intuitive visual feedback: high compliance produces steady, laminar bubble flow, whereas low compliance generates phasic, turbulent flow. The model was implemented in large-group classroom demonstrations and small-group laboratory sessions. Across settings, students reported increased understanding and engagement, while instructors observed enhanced mechanistic reasoning and conceptual clarity. The model is affordable and reusable and requires no animal use, making it adaptable for a wide range of educational environments. By making the invisible visible, this model transforms cardiovascular physiology from abstract theory into an interactive, accessible learning experience.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This simple, hands-on model lets students take control of the cardiovascular system, adjusting heart rate, stroke volume, resistance, and compliance, and immediately see how pressure and flow respond. Built from inexpensive materials, it transforms abstract hemodynamic principles into visible, interactive outcomes. By making the invisible visible, this model sparks curiosity, promotes mechanistic reasoning, and brings cardiovascular physiology to life in classrooms and labs.