Urgent issues and prospects in guilty plea research and practice

IF 1.9 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY
Allison D. Redlich, Lydia Becker, Lucian E. Dervan, Michael P. Donnelly, Annabelle Frazier, Meredith Gallen, Oren Gazal-Ayal, Rebecca K. Helm, Brian D. Johnson, Emi MacLean, Norman L. Reimer, Miko M. Wilford, Tina M. Zottoli
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Abstract

Criminal legal systems around the world rely heavily on defendants foregoing their right to trial and pleading guilty. However, legal scholars, social scientists, and practitioners have identified and empirically examined numerous problems with pleas, such as the high potential for coercion, innocent defendants falsely pleading guilty, and undue incentives in exchange for accepting plea offer. In this article, leading guilty plea experts (practitioners and researchers) were asked to identify what they considered to be the most urgent questions surrounding pleas. Across nine commentaries, three primary themes emerged. First were calls for increased transparency in pleas, specific to rules of discovery and access to exculpatory information, and in uncovering the hidden nature of the plea negotiation process. Second were concepts of fairness and voluntariness, such as uncounseled pleas, particularly for misdemeanour defendants, and the dubious assumptions made by courts regarding the presumption of voluntariness. Third was the theme of fair and just outcomes, particularly false guilty pleas. Four of the commentaries focused on innocence, describing and encouraging more research on the factors that increase false guilty pleas, including excessive plea discounts, specialized sentencing offers for juvenile defendants, and ‘time-served’ offers, either to induce initial guilty pleas (pre-trial phase) or to avoid official exonerations of those wrongly convicted (post-conviction phase). Across all commentaries, experts identified areas in need of future research, both in continuing to understand the problems known to plague systems of pleas and in developing improved methods to ensure the guilty plea process is transparent, voluntary, and just.

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认罪研究与实践中亟待解决的问题与展望
世界各地的刑事法律制度在很大程度上依赖于被告放弃受审和认罪的权利。然而,法律学者、社会科学家和从业人员已经确定并实证研究了认罪的许多问题,例如高压胁迫的可能性很大,无辜的被告虚假认罪,以及接受认罪的不适当奖励。在这篇文章中,主要的认罪专家(从业人员和研究人员)被要求确定他们认为围绕认罪最紧迫的问题。在九篇评论中,出现了三个主要主题。首先是呼吁增加认罪的透明度,特别是在发现规则和获取无罪信息方面,以及在揭露认罪谈判过程的隐蔽性方面。第二是公平和自愿的概念,例如未经咨询的辩护,特别是轻罪被告的辩护,以及法院关于自愿推定的可疑假设。第三个主题是公平公正的结果,尤其是虚假认罪。其中四篇评论聚焦于无罪,描述并鼓励对增加虚假认罪的因素进行更多的研究,包括过度的认罪折扣、针对未成年被告的专门量刑优惠,以及“服刑”优惠,这些优惠要么是为了诱导初步认罪(审前阶段),要么是为了避免被误判者的正式无罪(定罪后阶段)。在所有评论中,专家们确定了未来需要研究的领域,既要继续了解困扰认罪系统的已知问题,又要制定改进的方法,以确保认罪过程透明、自愿和公正。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.00
自引率
4.30%
发文量
31
期刊介绍: Legal and Criminological Psychology publishes original papers in all areas of psychology and law: - victimology - policing and crime detection - crime prevention - management of offenders - mental health and the law - public attitudes to law - role of the expert witness - impact of law on behaviour - interviewing and eyewitness testimony - jury decision making - deception The journal publishes papers which advance professional and scientific knowledge defined broadly as the application of psychology to law and interdisciplinary enquiry in legal and psychological fields.
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