Synthesis and characterization of DOPO-derived curing agent and lignin-epoxy system

IF 5.1 3区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Reactive & Functional Polymers Pub Date : 2025-08-09 DOI:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106447

Yunpeng Ma, Haowen Tang, Xinjie Liu, Xinyu Lu, Xiaoli Gu

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Abstract

In response to the urgent need for sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based resources, particularly in the production of traditional thermosetting epoxy resins, this study introduces a pioneering approach using alkali lignin as a renewable substitute for phenol and glyoxal for formaldehyde. By synthesizing a lignin-based epoxy resin and combining it with a DOPO-diamine compound (DDC), we have developed a novel bio-based epoxy resin that not only aligns with eco-friendly principles but also exhibits intrinsic flame retardancy. The DDC-cured lignin-based epoxy resin (DDC-LER) stands out for its exceptional thermal stability, with a high char yield of 38.78 % in nitrogen at 800 °C, outperforming the DDM-cured counterparts. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of DDC-LER, as measured by DMA, is elevated to 145.2 °C, surpassing the 112.3 °C of DDM-LER, a result corroborated by DSC assessments. The flame retardancy of the DDC-cured materials is further highlighted by their high Limiting Oxygen Index values of 37.5 % and 35.3 %, earning them UL-94 V-0 rating. The DDC-LER system also demonstrates a significant reduction in heat release rate (HRR) and total smoke production (TSP), showcasing its superior safety profile. Through a comprehensive analysis of both condensed and gas phases, the underlying flame retardancy mechanism of DDC-LER is elucidated. In conclusion, the bio-based epoxy materials synthesized in this study represent a significant step towards environmentally responsible materials science, offering a compelling combination of properties that suggest a wide range of potential applications across various sectors.

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dopo固化剂及木质素-环氧树脂体系的合成与表征

为了响应对石油基资源的可持续替代品的迫切需求，特别是在传统热固性环氧树脂的生产中，本研究介绍了一种开创性的方法，使用碱木质素作为苯酚的可再生替代品和乙二醛的甲醛替代品。通过合成木质素基环氧树脂，并将其与dopo -二胺化合物（DDC）结合，我们开发了一种新型的生物基环氧树脂，不仅符合环保原则，而且具有内在的阻燃性。ddc固化木质素基环氧树脂（DDC-LER）具有优异的热稳定性，在800°C的氮气中具有38.78%的高炭收率，优于ddm固化的同类树脂。DDC-LER的玻璃化转变温度（Tg）通过DMA测量提高到145.2℃，超过了DDM-LER的112.3℃，DSC评价证实了这一结果。ddc固化材料的阻燃性进一步突出，其极限氧指数分别为37.5%和35.3%，达到UL-94 V-0等级。DDC-LER系统在热释放率（HRR）和总烟产量（TSP）方面也有显著降低，显示出其优越的安全性。通过对其凝聚相和气相的综合分析，阐明了DDC-LER的潜在阻燃机理。总之，本研究中合成的生物基环氧材料代表了环保材料科学的重要一步，提供了令人信服的性能组合，表明在各个领域有广泛的潜在应用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Reactive & Functional Polymers 工程技术-高分子科学

CiteScore

8.90

自引率

5.90%

发文量

259

审稿时长

27 days

期刊介绍： Reactive & Functional Polymers provides a forum to disseminate original ideas, concepts and developments in the science and technology of polymers with functional groups, which impart specific chemical reactivity or physical, chemical, structural, biological, and pharmacological functionality. The scope covers organic polymers, acting for instance as reagents, catalysts, templates, ion-exchangers, selective sorbents, chelating or antimicrobial agents, drug carriers, sensors, membranes, and hydrogels. This also includes reactive cross-linkable prepolymers and high-performance thermosetting polymers, natural or degradable polymers, conducting polymers, and porous polymers. Original research articles must contain thorough molecular and material characterization data on synthesis of the above polymers in combination with their applications. Applications include but are not limited to catalysis, water or effluent treatment, separations and recovery, electronics and information storage, energy conversion, encapsulation, or adhesion.