Advancing MXenes through green chemistry for sustainable future

Abstract

MXenes, an emerging class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have attracted widespread attention owing to their unique physicochemical properties and optimistic applications in various fields from energy storage to environmental remediation. Traditionally, the production of MXenes involves approaches that typically involve energy-intensive, high-temperature solid-state reactions followed by selective etching, which indirectly rely significantly on hazardous chemicals, leading to substantial environmental and health safety concerns. To overcome these challenges, finding greener, safer, sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches to synthesize MXenes and commercialize them at a competitive price has always been of paramount importance. In particular, this review aims to highlight the integration of Green Chem. principles with MXenes and accentuating their potential to contribute to a sustainable future. By exploring green synthesis methods such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, electrochemical etching, molten salt, and microwave-assisted methods aligned with the use of green solvents, researchers can highlight how advances in MXene synthesis are consistent with the principles of Green Chem., i.e. reducing environmental impact while improving practice applications. Finally, this critical review ends with the comparative analysis of life cycle assessment for MXenes synthesis via both traditional and green approaches, highlighting the role of innovative research, development, and theoretical studies in advancing MXenes through Green Chem. for sustainable future.