Dislocation nano-hydrides in nickel: Nucleation, evolution and effects on dislocation behaviors

Abstract

Nano-hydrides have been predicted to precipitate at the core of edge dislocations in the Ni-H system, a mechanism that may promote hydrogen embrittlement. However, nano-hydride nucleation, growth, and effects on dislocation behavior have seldom been explored. This work combines molecular dynamics grand canonical Monte Carlo (MD-GCMC) simulations and continuum modeling to uncover a wide range of phenomena linked to dislocation nano-hydrides. Simulations reveal that nano-hydrides can be stabilized at dislocation cores with all character angles, including screw segments, due to the hydrostatic stresses around the cores of the Shockley partials. Nano-hydride nucleation takes place in these regions, and growth is dictated by the character angle $\theta$ of the perfect dislocation. The equilibrium stacking fault width $d_{\mathrm{eq}}$ varies dynamically to increase the local hydrostatic stress field and facilitate the formation of the nano-hydride, forming a constriction-like feature and leading to three distinct behaviors: $d_{\mathrm{eq}}$ decreases for $\theta >30°$, $d_{\mathrm{eq}}$ remains unchanged for $\theta =30°$, and $d_{\mathrm{eq}}$ increases for $\theta <30°$. Remote hydrostatic and Escaig stresses are also shown to influence the nucleation stage, implying stress concentrations such as those ahead of crack tips may facilitate nano-hydride precipitation. Moreover, we identify a new hydrogen-induced $60°$ dislocation reaction that emits a Shockley partial on a conjugate plane, with potential implications for twin nucleation. Testable predictions from this study are then used to reinterpret previous results from the literature. These findings provide a comprehensive framework to assess nano-hydride formation and evolution at dislocations in nickel and other face-centered cubic metals, with important implications to hydrogen embrittlement.