Assessing spatial access disparities to critical facilities during hurricanes in Florida

Abstract

This study investigates equitable access to critical facilities including gas stations, hotels, and shelters during hurricane evacuations in Florida. Using facility location data from the Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data and Google Places API, alongside hurricane risk data from FEMA’s National Risk Index, we develop an Evacuation Resource Index (ERI). The ERI incorporates facility proximity, calculated using a network-based approach, and population distribution to assess the adequacy of resources during evacuations. Univariate analysis using Local Moran’s I—a Local Indicator of Spatial Association—highlights significant statewide disparities in resource access, while the corresponding bivariate analysis pinpoints vulnerability hotspots where low ERI and high hurricane risk converge. It is also found that these hotspots are disproportionately populated by socially vulnerable communities characterized by factors such as low incomes, limited vehicle access, linguistic isolation, and older age. Furthermore, these areas exhibit high income inequality, as indicated by their Gini index. This research underscores the urgent need for equitable disaster preparedness strategies that prioritize vulnerable populations residing in high-risk areas. By addressing these disparities, we can enhance evacuation effectiveness and foster community resilience in the face of hurricanes.