The interplay of soft tissue and osseous structures in bifid mandibular condyle: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Case series and literature review

Abstract

Bifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is a rare developmental or acquired anomaly of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), characterized by the presence of a duplicated condylar head. Although often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on imaging, BMC can be associated with TMJ dysfunction, facial asymmetry, and a history of trauma or developmental disturbances. The clinical significance of BMC remains poorly understood, with controversies surrounding its etiology, classification, and management. This article presents a comprehensive literature review on the current understanding of BMC, supported by the presentation of a unique clinical case involving a symptomatic patient diagnosed through advanced imaging modalities. The diagnostic process, clinical presentation, and treatment approach are detailed to highlight the role of thorough evaluation and multidisciplinary management. Our findings suggest that while conservative management remains the mainstay in asymptomatic cases, individualized approaches are essential when functional disturbances are present. Further studies are warranted to clarify long-term outcomes and to standardize diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for BMC within maxillofacial practice.