Bluetooth Low Energy separate-channel fingerprinting with frequency-scanned antennas

IF 7.6 3区计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Internet of Things Pub Date : 2025-08-08 DOI:10.1016/j.iot.2025.101732

José A.López Pastor , Alejandro Gil-Martínez , Antonio Hernández Mateos , Astrid Algaba-Brazález , José Luis Gómez Tornero

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

A novel Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) positioning system for IoT devices that employs frequency-scanned leaky-wave antennas (FSLWAs) and the fingerprinting technique is proposed in this work. This system is based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) fingerprinting acquired separately from each one of the three BLE advertising channels. As a main novelty, the Separate-Channel Fingerprinting (SCFP) technique is combined with FSLWAs, specifically tuned to multiplex each BLE advertising channel in a distinct direction. In this way, FSLWAs produce increased spatial resolution in separate-channel radiomaps, which results in greater localization accuracy when compared to the use of conventional monopole antennas installed usually in BLE IoT equipment. This is demonstrated with a practical example involving four BLE beacons distributed in an indoor area of 7 m x 5 m, simulating a practical environment. The proposed system combining SCFP and FSLWAs improves the mean localization error by 39 % compared to conventional monopole antennas without SCFP and 23 % compared to the use of monopoles and SCFP. The system's performance over time and its robustness to the presence of obstacles after calibration are also analyzed, showing the benefits of using SCFP with FSLWAs.

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蓝牙低功耗单独通道指纹识别与频率扫描天线

本文提出了一种采用频率扫描漏波天线（fslwa）和指纹识别技术的新型物联网设备蓝牙低功耗（BLE）定位系统。该系统基于从三个BLE广告频道中分别获取的接收信号强度指示器（RSSI）指纹。作为一个主要的新技术，分离通道指纹（SCFP）技术与fslwa相结合，专门用于在不同方向上复用每个BLE广告通道。通过这种方式，fslwa在独立通道无线电映射中产生更高的空间分辨率，与使用通常安装在BLE物联网设备中的传统单极天线相比，可以获得更高的定位精度。通过一个实际的例子来证明这一点，该例子涉及四个BLE信标分布在7米× 5米的室内区域，模拟实际环境。与不使用SCFP的传统单极天线相比，该系统的平均定位误差提高了39%，与使用单极天线和SCFP的单极天线相比，平均定位误差提高了23%。还分析了系统的性能随时间的变化以及校准后对障碍物的鲁棒性，显示了将SCFP与FSLWAs结合使用的好处。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Internet of Things Multiple-

CiteScore

3.60

自引率

5.10%

发文量

115

审稿时长

37 days

期刊介绍： Internet of Things; Engineering Cyber Physical Human Systems is a comprehensive journal encouraging cross collaboration between researchers, engineers and practitioners in the field of IoT & Cyber Physical Human Systems. The journal offers a unique platform to exchange scientific information on the entire breadth of technology, science, and societal applications of the IoT. The journal will place a high priority on timely publication, and provide a home for high quality. Furthermore, IOT is interested in publishing topical Special Issues on any aspect of IOT.