Co-governance for green infrastructure preservation: Collaborative strategies in customary land tenure cities of Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) cities often struggle with the degradation of natural Green Infrastructure (GI), especially in cities where customary land tenure is more prevalent. Contrary to the prevailing narrative that traditional authorities are primarily responsible for this decline, this paper applies the collaborative governance theory to demonstrate the prospects of preserving GI in SSA cities through state-traditional institutional co-governance initiatives. Data for the paper was obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency, the Manhyia Palace and key paramouncies, and Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies in Kumasi in Ghana. Corresponding spatial data was gathered from satellite images on eight GI in Kumasi. Analysis of the spatial data revealed that prior to the co-governance arrangements, the selected GI were depleting at an annual rate of 4.7 % between 2003 and 2013, and 5.4 % between 2013 and 2019 mainly due to encroachment by grey land uses. Five years after the initiative (2019–2023), the annual rate of decline reduced to 0.9 %, with a total of 20.36 km² of GI preserved. Drawing from this analysis, we assert that co-governing GI by both state and traditional institutions, as emphasized by the collaborative governance theory, is a viable strategy for preserving GI in cities that are characterised by organic and informal development patterns, often spurred by customary land tenure arrangements.