Impaired capillary–venous drainage contributes to gliosis and demyelination in mouse white matter during aging

Abstract

The progressive loss of cerebral white matter during aging contributes to cognitive decline, but whether reduced blood flow is a cause or a consequence remains debatable. Using deep multi-photon imaging in mice, we examined microvascular networks perfusing myelinated tissues in cortical layer 6 and the corpus callosum. We identified sparse, wide-reaching venules, termed principal cortical venules, which exclusively drain deep tissues and resemble the vasculature at the human cortex and U-fiber interface. Aging led to selective constriction and rarefaction of capillaries in deep branches of principal cortical venules. This resulted in mild hypoperfusion that was associated with microgliosis, astrogliosis and demyelination in deep tissues, but not the upper cortex. Induction of comparable hypoperfusion in adult mice using carotid artery stenosis triggered a similar tissue pathology specific to layer 6 and the corpus callosum. Thus, impaired capillary–venous drainage is a contributor to hypoperfusion and a potential therapeutic target for preserving blood flow to white matter during aging. How reduced blood flow plays a role in progressive white matter loss during aging and associated cognitive decline is unclear. Here the authors show that selective constriction and rarefaction of capillary–venous networks contribute to age-related hypoperfusion and white matter damage in mice.