Flexibility-Aided Orientational Self-Sorting and Transformations of Bioactive Homochiral Cuboctahedron Pd12L16

Abstract

The rational design and selective self-assembly of flexible and unsymmetric ligands into large coordination complexes is an eminent challenge in supramolecular coordination chemistry. Here, we present the coordination-driven self-assembly of natural ursodeoxycholic-bile-acid-derived unsymmetric tris-pyridyl ligand (L) resulting in the selective and switchable formation of chiral stellated Pd₆L₈ and Pd₁₂L₁₆ cages. The selectivity of the cage originates in the adaptivity and flexibility of the arms of the ligand bearing pyridyl moieties. The interspecific transformations can be controlled by changes in the reaction conditions. The orientational self-sorting of L into a single constitutional isomer of each cage, i.e., homochiral quadruple and octuple right-handed helical species, was confirmed by a combination of molecular modelling and circular dichroism. The cages, derived from natural amphiphilic transport molecules, mediate the higher cellular uptake and increase the anticancer activity of bioactive palladium cations as determined in studies using in vitro 3D spheroids of the human hepatic cells HepG2.