A paediatric group neglected in research: A systematic review on the sleep patterns, chronotype, latitude and ethnicity.

Abstract

This study presents a systematic review design aiming to explore how chronotype features are assessed in school-aged children (ages 4-11) and how chronotype is related to sleep habits, household dynamics, ethnicity, and geographical latitude. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Thirty-one studies were identified as eligible and reviewed by three independent researchers. The main findings indicate that chronotype is often under-assessed in school-aged children, with both professionals and parents reporting limited knowledge of children's sleep patterns. Additionally, there is a lack of information in the literature regarding how chronotype, sleep patterns, and vigilance are influenced by latitude and sociocultural factors. Most research on the relationship among the aforementioned variables is focused on adults rather than children. Furthermore, the methods for measuring sleep quality and chronotype were found to be inconsistent, with chronotype and sleep quality often used interchangeably. Based on these findings, further research is needed to explore how chronotype, sleep habits, and cultural or latitudinal factors might predict mental health and cognitive development in children. In terms of practical implications, there is an urgent need for re-education of parents on establishing healthy sleep and wake routines for their children.