Advances in 2D Materials for Infrared Photodetection: Synthesis, Heterostructures, and Device Innovations

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as transformative candidates for infrared photodetection, showcasing exceptional properties such as high carrier mobility, tunable bandgaps, and strong light-matter interactions. Despite their potential, challenges remain in achieving broadband spectral responses (e.g., ultraviolet to far-infrared), minimizing dark currents (<10⁻¹⁰ A), and maximizing on/off ratios (>10³). This review explores recent advancements in synthesis techniques, intrinsic material properties, and the design of innovative heterostructures to address these issues. Key topics include van der Waals heterostructures, photodetection mechanisms, and mixed-dimensional device architectures. Additionally, challenges in scalable fabrication are highlighted and artificial intelligence driven material discovery is proposed as a pathway toward practical applications in commercial infrared detection.