The Gondola for the Sunrise iii Balloon-Borne Solar Observatory

IF 2.4 3区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
Pietro Bernasconi, Michael Carpenter, Harry Eaton, Erich Schulze, Bliss Carkhuff, Geoffrey Palo, Daniel Young, Nour Raouafi, Angelos Vourlidas, Robert Coker, Sami K. Solanki, Andreas Korpi-Lagg, Achim Gandorfer, Alex Feller, Tino L. Riethmüller, H. N. Smitha, Bianca Grauf, Jose Carlos del Toro Iniesta, David Orozco Suárez, Yukio Katsukawa, Masahito Kubo, Thomas Berkefeld, Alexander Bell, Alberto Álvarez-Herrero, Valentín Martínez Pillet
{"title":"The Gondola for the Sunrise iii Balloon-Borne Solar Observatory","authors":"Pietro Bernasconi,&nbsp;Michael Carpenter,&nbsp;Harry Eaton,&nbsp;Erich Schulze,&nbsp;Bliss Carkhuff,&nbsp;Geoffrey Palo,&nbsp;Daniel Young,&nbsp;Nour Raouafi,&nbsp;Angelos Vourlidas,&nbsp;Robert Coker,&nbsp;Sami K. Solanki,&nbsp;Andreas Korpi-Lagg,&nbsp;Achim Gandorfer,&nbsp;Alex Feller,&nbsp;Tino L. Riethmüller,&nbsp;H. N. Smitha,&nbsp;Bianca Grauf,&nbsp;Jose Carlos del Toro Iniesta,&nbsp;David Orozco Suárez,&nbsp;Yukio Katsukawa,&nbsp;Masahito Kubo,&nbsp;Thomas Berkefeld,&nbsp;Alexander Bell,&nbsp;Alberto Álvarez-Herrero,&nbsp;Valentín Martínez Pillet","doi":"10.1007/s11207-025-02524-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Sunrise iii</span> is a balloon-borne solar observatory dedicated to investigating the physics governing the magnetism and dynamics in the lower solar atmosphere. The observatory is designed to operate in the stratosphere, at heights around 36 km (above 99% of Earth’s atmosphere), to avoid image degradation due to turbulence in the Earth’s lower atmosphere, to gain access to the NUV wavelengths down to 309 nm, and to enable (when flown during summer solstice) observing the Sun uninterruptedly 24 hours/day. It is composed of a balloon gondola (equivalent to a spacecraft bus) carrying a 1-m aperture telescope (the largest solar telescope to-date to fly in the stratosphere on a balloon) feeding an imaging vector magnetograph and two spectropolarimeters aiming at acquiring high spatial resolution high cadence time series maps of the solar vector magnetic fields, plasma flows, and temperature in the photosphere and chromosphere.</p><p>In July 2024 <span>Sunrise iii</span> successfully completed a six and a half days long stratospheric flight from Kiruna (Sweden) to Northern Canada at an average altitude of 36 km. This was the third successful flight of the <span>Sunrise</span> observatory, which had previously flown in 2009 and 2013. For this flight it was upgraded substantially with a new and improved suite of three instruments carried by a completely new gondola with upgraded pointing control system.</p><p>This article focuses on describing the design and flight performance of the <span>Sunrise iii</span> gondola and all its subsystems. It describes the gondola mechanical structure, its power system, its command and control system, and in particular its pointing control system which was key for achieving high spatial and spectral resolution images of the solar photosphere and chromosphere by the three instruments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":"300 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11207-025-02524-x.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Solar Physics","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11207-025-02524-x","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Sunrise iii is a balloon-borne solar observatory dedicated to investigating the physics governing the magnetism and dynamics in the lower solar atmosphere. The observatory is designed to operate in the stratosphere, at heights around 36 km (above 99% of Earth’s atmosphere), to avoid image degradation due to turbulence in the Earth’s lower atmosphere, to gain access to the NUV wavelengths down to 309 nm, and to enable (when flown during summer solstice) observing the Sun uninterruptedly 24 hours/day. It is composed of a balloon gondola (equivalent to a spacecraft bus) carrying a 1-m aperture telescope (the largest solar telescope to-date to fly in the stratosphere on a balloon) feeding an imaging vector magnetograph and two spectropolarimeters aiming at acquiring high spatial resolution high cadence time series maps of the solar vector magnetic fields, plasma flows, and temperature in the photosphere and chromosphere.

In July 2024 Sunrise iii successfully completed a six and a half days long stratospheric flight from Kiruna (Sweden) to Northern Canada at an average altitude of 36 km. This was the third successful flight of the Sunrise observatory, which had previously flown in 2009 and 2013. For this flight it was upgraded substantially with a new and improved suite of three instruments carried by a completely new gondola with upgraded pointing control system.

This article focuses on describing the design and flight performance of the Sunrise iii gondola and all its subsystems. It describes the gondola mechanical structure, its power system, its command and control system, and in particular its pointing control system which was key for achieving high spatial and spectral resolution images of the solar photosphere and chromosphere by the three instruments.

日出三号气球太阳观测站的贡多拉
日出三号是一个气球载太阳观测站,致力于研究太阳低层大气中控制磁性和动力学的物理现象。天文台设计在平流层运行,高度约36公里(高于地球大气的99%),以避免由于地球低层大气湍流而导致图像退化,获得低至309纳米的NUV波长,并能够(在夏至期间飞行时)不间断地观察太阳24小时/天。它由一个气球贡多拉(相当于宇宙飞船的巴士)组成,携带一个1米口径的望远镜(迄今为止在平流层上飞行的最大的太阳望远镜),为成像矢量磁仪和两个分光偏振仪提供能量,旨在获取太阳矢量磁场、等离子体流和光球球和色球球温度的高空间分辨率、高节奏时间序列图。2024年7月,“日出三号”成功完成了为期六天半的平流层飞行,从基鲁纳(瑞典)到加拿大北部,平均高度为36公里。这是日出天文台的第三次成功飞行,此前它曾在2009年和2013年飞行。在这次飞行中,它进行了实质性的升级,配备了一套新的和改进的三套仪器,由一个全新的贡多拉携带,并升级了指向控制系统。本文着重描述了日出三号吊舱及其所有子系统的设计和飞行性能。介绍了贡多拉的机械结构、动力系统、指挥控制系统,重点介绍了贡多拉的指向控制系统,该系统是三种仪器实现太阳光球和色球高空间和光谱分辨率成像的关键。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
Solar Physics
Solar Physics 地学天文-天文与天体物理
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
17.90%
发文量
146
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Solar Physics was founded in 1967 and is the principal journal for the publication of the results of fundamental research on the Sun. The journal treats all aspects of solar physics, ranging from the internal structure of the Sun and its evolution to the outer corona and solar wind in interplanetary space. Papers on solar-terrestrial physics and on stellar research are also published when their results have a direct bearing on our understanding of the Sun.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信