Enhanced Performance and Stability of Dual-Functional p–i–n Structured Perovskite Solar Cells Utilizing Sputtered NiO as a Hole Transport Layer

Abstract

This study investigates the dual-functional capabilities of p–i–n structured solar cells of perovskite materials (PSCs), incorporating RF-sputtered NiO (nickel oxide) as the hole transport layer (HTL). The device, with an architecture of FTO/NiO/MAPbI₃/PCBM/BCP/Ag, combines distinct deposition techniques of sputtering, spin coating, and thermal evaporation demonstrating their compatibility with scalable fabrication. The PSC acquires a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ∼1.54%, with enhanced charge carrier dynamics observed by employing transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS), including extended lifetimes indicating efficient charge extraction and reduced recombination. Stability tests over ∼15 days confirmed minimal degradation, highlighting the durability of sputtered NiO as an HTL. In its photodetection application, the device exhibited high responsivity (∼9.42 mA/W at ∼532 nm), low noise equivalent power (NEP), and superior detectivity with rapid rise and decay times (∼55–70 ms). Wavelength-dependent photocurrent analysis revealed the highest performance for visible light. This work showcases the potential of NiO-based PSCs for multifunctional optoelectronic applications, offering a pathway for efficient energy conversion and high-performance photodetection. This work underscores the compatibility of deposition techniques and the dual-functional properties of the device paving the way for scalable and durable next-generation optoelectronic applications.