Advances in auricular drug delivery for the management of different otitic conditions

Abstract

Millions of people suffer greatly from ear diseases, yet finding effective treatments for these conditions is a constant but frequently disregarded task, especially regarding product development and formulation design. While considerable research has focused on understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of otic diseases, relatively less attention has been paid to innovating targeted and efficient drug delivery systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomical and physiological barriers of the ear, the spectrum of otic diseases, and currently available therapeutic approaches. Special emphasis is placed on the evolving landscape of otic drug delivery, including topical, intratympanic, and intracochlear administration routes. The manuscript critically discusses the role of advanced materials such as hydrogels, nanoparticles, and biodegradable polymers in enhancing drug residence time, permeability, and site-specific targeting within the complex inner ear environment. Furthermore, it highlights recent innovations, key challenges, such as limited drug diffusion, pharmacokinetic variability, and emerging strategies, including thermoresponsive systems and bioresponsive platforms. The review concludes by outlining future perspectives in the field, pointing toward developing minimally invasive, precisely controlled, and patient-friendly delivery systems that may revolutionize the treatment of otic diseases in the coming decades.