From Idea to Implementation: Development of the Smart-e-Moms App to Reduce Postpartum Depressive Symptoms.

Abstract

Introduction: Postpartum depression is the most common mental health disorder associated with the birth of a child. However, postpartum depression often remains untreated because there are not enough prevention and treatment options. Barriers such as lack of knowledge and fear of stigmatization also make it more difficult for affected women to start treatment. Digital interventions could be an option which might circumvent many of these barriers. This study describes the development process of the smartphone-based intervention Smart-e-Moms which aims to reduce postpartum depressive symptoms.

Material and methods: The app was developed using a participatory and iterative approach. The three steps used for the formative evaluation were: (1) an analysis of needs and preferences (focus groups with 9 formerly affected women and 11 midwives), (2) an analysis of the barriers and facilitating factors to use the app (online survey of 37 mothers), and (3) testing of the app (online interviews with 10 acutely affected women). Qualitative data was analyzed with MAXQDA for content analysis.

Results: Step 1 identified numerous challenges after giving birth such as stress, negative thoughts and feelings, and lack of support, all of which flowed into the contents of the app. Ensuring that the units were short and the topics "self-care" and "relationship to the child" were also considered important. In step 2, barriers and facilitating factors were identified and incorporated into the design of the app. Step 3 consisted of a positive assessment of the first version of the app in terms of content and formal design as well as usability. The final app consisted of 10 behavioral units with written psychological guidance, constantly accessible exercises on self-care and the relationship to the child and permanently available information on common challenges after giving birth.

Conclusion: We present a new and innovative approach which aims to reach out more easily to women with postpartum depressive symptoms. The most important insights from the development process, the final design, and the elements of the program are described here.