Contemporary Insights and Emerging Paradigms in Sedation and Analgesia Management for Ventilated Newborns.

Abstract

Pain management in the first 1000 days of life is crucial for neurodevelopmental outcomes and the quality of life in extremely preterm newborns, who often undergo mechanical ventilation. The use of drugs like midazolam in neonatal care offers advantages such as sedation and muscle relaxation, but can also lead to potential adverse effects. Morphine, a common opioid analgesic, is used in neonatal care for its dual analgesic and sedative properties. Uncertainties regarding short-term pulmonary outcomes and concerns about neurological effects in preterm infants remain. Fentanyl, a synthetic opioid, is a first-line drug for rapid analgesia in various clinical scenarios. Adrenergic agonists and antioxidant substances, dexmedetomidine and melatonin, have shown the potential to be the first analgesic compounds suitable for both clinical trials and clinical use. Dexmedetomidine, an adrenergic agonist, stands out for its opioid-sparing effects and neuroprotective properties. Its efficacy in reducing cumulative morphine administration and supporting mechanical ventilation in certain conditions has been demonstrated. Melatonin has emerged as a neurohormone with potential analgesic properties, and various studies indicate its benefits in reducing pain-related oxidative stress and inflammation. In this educational review, we analyze and discuss pain assessment and management in patients subjected to mechanical ventilation, with a focus on pharmacological management during neonatal intubation, navigating the complexities of balancing effective analgesia and sedation while considering potential risks and outcomes in extremely preterm newborns. The positive effects of new drugs such as melatonin and dexmedetomidine on mechanically ventilated newborns mainly consist of improvements in pain management and amelioration of pulmonary function.