Photosynthetic carbon cycling signal preserved in carbonate δ13C values of ancient thrombolites

Abstract

Thrombolites—clotted organo-sedimentary deposits—forming today preserve carbonate carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) values that suggest that photosynthesis shifts the δ13C value of the local dissolved inorganic carbon pool, resulting in carbonate minerals with δ13Ccarb values 1‰−6‰ higher than that expected for carbonate minerals precipitated in equilibrium with ambient lake water. To test whether these signals are preserved in the geologic record, we analyzed the δ13Ccarb values of thrombolites from the Cretaceous to Eocene Sheep Pass Formation (Nevada, USA). We performed fabric-specific analyses of both the clot component (interpreted to reflect photosynthetically influenced precipitation) and adjacent matrix carbonate (interpreted to reflect abiotic precipitation) and find that the δ13Ccarb values of clot components are consistently offset to higher values than adjacent matrix. The mean offset (Δ13C) between the clots and matrix was +2.77‰ (±0.94, 2 s.e.). These Δ13C values are consistent with predictions by a model of diurnal carbon cycling driven by photosynthesis. Modeled Δ13C values also match the documented Δ13C values in modern lakes with thrombolites. We interpret that Sheep Pass Formation Δ13C values preserve signals related to both local and external influences on the dissolved inorganic carbon pool. Fabric-informed sampling can disentangle these two signals, allowing for more robust chemostratigraphy from microbialite archives in addition to identification of a biosignature of photosynthesis.