Efficacy of dietary interventions targeting calcium and oxalate intake in the prevention of calcium oxalate stones: An integrative review

Abstract

Introduction

Calcium oxalate kidney stones—the most common type of renal calculi—are closely associated with dietary and metabolic factors. An appropriate dietary approach can help prevent their formation and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of dietary interventions involving adequate calcium intake combined with oxalate control in preventing the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones.

Evidence acquisition

An integrative review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Dialnet (2014–2024), following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on calcium and oxalate dietary management in kidney stone disease.

Evidence synthesis and conclusions

The reviewed evidence indicates that an adequate calcium intake (800–1,200 mg/day) reduces intestinal oxalate absorption and, consequently, urinary oxalate excretion. Additionally, hydration, sodium restriction, and urine alkalinization with citrate are complementary dietary strategies. Recent studies also suggest that urinary microbiota and genetic predisposition may influence individual responses to dietary interventions. Overall, a personalized dietary approach may constitute an effective and accessible strategy for the prevention of calcium oxalate kidney stones. However, the current body of evidence is limited by methodological constraints and heterogeneity across studies.