{"title":"Gelatin–Organic Acid-Based Biodegradable Batteries for Stretchable Electronics","authors":"Junzhi Liu, Gregory Lazaris, Jinhyuk Lee, Sharmistha Bhadra","doi":"10.1002/aesr.202400402","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>\nAs the environmental pollution caused by electronic products becomes increasingly severe, the development and application of biodegradable batteries have become more important. Traditional biodegradable batteries are limited by low power output, low capacity, and lack of flexibility and stretchability, restricting their range of applications. Herein, a biodegradable battery made from magnesium–molybdenum electrodes and gelatin-organic acid electrolytes such as lactic acid (LA)–gelatin (gel) and the citric acid (CA)–gelatin (gel) is proposed. The addition of organic acids to the gelatin increases the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and promotes its reaction with the magnesium electrode, effectively enhancing battery performance. In the experimental results, it is shown that the LA–gel-based electrolyte achieves a maximum conductivity of 2.37 × 10<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> S cm<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>, while the CA–gel-based electrolyte demonstrates a low activation energy of 11.04 kJ mol<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>. The highest open-circuit voltage recorded for the CA–gel-based electrolyte with the Mg anode and Mo cathode is 1.92 V, and the related plateau voltage is around 1.3 V. The maximum power and maximum capacity achieved by the Mg-based battery are 76.8 μW and 1.36 mAh cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>, respectively, at 40 μA cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup> for LA–gel battery. Moreover, the battery can be stretched to 80% strain while maintaining stable capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":29794,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research","volume":"6 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aesr.202400402","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aesr.202400402","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENERGY & FUELS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
As the environmental pollution caused by electronic products becomes increasingly severe, the development and application of biodegradable batteries have become more important. Traditional biodegradable batteries are limited by low power output, low capacity, and lack of flexibility and stretchability, restricting their range of applications. Herein, a biodegradable battery made from magnesium–molybdenum electrodes and gelatin-organic acid electrolytes such as lactic acid (LA)–gelatin (gel) and the citric acid (CA)–gelatin (gel) is proposed. The addition of organic acids to the gelatin increases the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and promotes its reaction with the magnesium electrode, effectively enhancing battery performance. In the experimental results, it is shown that the LA–gel-based electrolyte achieves a maximum conductivity of 2.37 × 10−3 S cm−1, while the CA–gel-based electrolyte demonstrates a low activation energy of 11.04 kJ mol−1. The highest open-circuit voltage recorded for the CA–gel-based electrolyte with the Mg anode and Mo cathode is 1.92 V, and the related plateau voltage is around 1.3 V. The maximum power and maximum capacity achieved by the Mg-based battery are 76.8 μW and 1.36 mAh cm−2, respectively, at 40 μA cm−2 for LA–gel battery. Moreover, the battery can be stretched to 80% strain while maintaining stable capacity.
期刊介绍:
Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research is an open access academic journal that focuses on publishing high-quality peer-reviewed research articles in the areas of energy harvesting, conversion, storage, distribution, applications, ecology, climate change, water and environmental sciences, and related societal impacts. The journal provides readers with free access to influential scientific research that has undergone rigorous peer review, a common feature of all journals in the Advanced series. In addition to original research articles, the journal publishes opinion, editorial and review articles designed to meet the needs of a broad readership interested in energy and sustainability science and related fields.
In addition, Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research is indexed in several abstracting and indexing services, including:
CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service (ACS)
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Emerging Sources Citation Index (Clarivate Analytics)
INSPEC (IET)
Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics).