Recent advancements in MXene-based catalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and applications in sustainable energy production

Abstract

MXenes have emerged as promising two-dimensional (2D) materials for catalytic applications in energy production due to their exceptional structural, electronic, and chemical properties. Their high surface area, tunable surface terminations, and excellent electrical conductivity make them ideal candidates for facilitating surface reactions and enhancing charge transfer processes. Additionally, the ability to modify their composition and structure at the atomic level allows for the design of tailored MXene-based catalysts suited for various energy-related reactions. This review highlights recent advancements in MXene-based catalysts, focusing on novel synthesis techniques, including selective etching, CVD and ALD, as well as advanced characterization methods such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR, and In-situ/Operando techniques. Their applications in key catalytic processes, including the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons, CO₂ hydrogenation to methane, and hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting, are discussed, as these reactions play a crucial role in carbon utilization, energy storage, and the transition to sustainable fuels. Notably, Mo₂C-based catalysts favor heavier hydrocarbon formation, while NiV oxycarbide electrocatalysts exhibit high durability and hydrogen selectivity. These findings emphasize MXenes’ potential in sustainable energy conversion and highlight the need for further optimization to enhance their catalytic efficiency and stability.