Sustainable hydrogels as conductive platforms for neural applications

Abstract

Conductive hydrogels, an emerging class of biopolymers and biomaterials, have gained significant attention because of their combination of water retention properties and electrical conductivity. The hydrogel consists of a water-based matrix capable of transporting charges, resulting in improved processability and desirable biochemical and electrochemical characteristics. Owing to their versatile and sensitive nature, these gels are ideal candidates for medical devices with enhanced biocompatibility and functionality. By integrating conductive materials such as polypyrrole, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, these gels exhibit remarkable flexibility, high water content, and electrical conductivity, making them suitable for applications across various fields. One area where these conductive gels have significant potential is the regeneration and repair of damaged neural tissue, a challenge that conventional methods often do not address owing to the complexity of replicating the intricate anatomical and functional characteristics of the nervous system. They offer a promising alternative by mimicking the natural microenvironment of glial, neuronal, and stromal cells, enhancing stem cell-based therapies. The hydrogel matrix's integration with conductive elements makes electrical signal transmission possible. By mimicking the elastic properties of brain tissues, these gels facilitate the normal flow of signals and encourage neuronal regeneration by enhancing synaptic connections and promoting cell proliferation. This review examines the impact of integrating conductive materials with gels in managing neural damage for improved therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the classification, properties, and fabrication of sustainable gels are discussed. This review also discusses the immense potential of the conductive gels in cutting-edge neurological applications, such as brain-machine interfaces and prosthetic devices, and they offer promising platforms for treating neural damage.