Serum uric acid, renal status, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and drug therapy, a wide-angled Mendelian randomization analysis

Abstract

Background

Serum uric acid (SUA) and renal status are associated with the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome. However, the causal association among them along with drug therapy need to be explored.

Methods

We employed univariable, multivariate, mediation and drug-target mendelian randomization. Inverse variance weighting was the primary result, with extensive sensitivity analyses conducted to ensure robustness and reliability.

Results

Regarding SUA, genetically predicted SUA demonstrated a potential risk effect on stage 4 of CKM syndrome (ischemic heart disease (IHD), OR = 1.090, 95 %CI: 1.003–1.184; peripheral artery disease, OR = 1.174, 95 %CI: 1.058–1.303). SUA remained a significant risk factor after excluding the confounding of eGFR and proteinuria (IHD: OR = 1.137, 95 %CI: 1.043–1.238; peripheral artery disease: OR = 1.224, 95 %CI: 1.107–1.354). SUA mediated the following causal effect: sleep apnea (2.37 %), income (1.92 %) and education (1.79 %) on IHD; C-reactive protein (11.65 %) and education (4.29 %) on peripheral artery disease. Regarding renal status, renal dysfunction led to a wider phenotype of CKM syndrome including hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and renal failure. Similarly, renal status mediated the causal effect of education on hypertension (1.84 %), depression on cerebrovascular (0.46 %) and family history of diabetes on chronic kidney disease (3.49 %) and renal failure (2.81 %). Lesinurad targeting SLC22A11 and SLC22A12 was validated for treating IHD.

Conclusion

Our study clarified the complex relationship among SUA, renal status and CKM syndrome. Simultaneously providing innovative drug and social interventions for CKM syndrome.