A narrative study of why young people go ‘back-to-the-land’: Interpretation from the perspective of self-identity theory

Abstract

In recent years, some Chinese youth have voluntarily engaged in back-to-the-land migration. Although existing studies focus on structural push-pull factors in labor migration, they cannot fully explain why some young people choose farming despite the significantly stronger pull of non-agricultural sectors and the persistent disadvantages in agriculture. To address this puzzle, the study integrates Charles Taylor's self-identity theory with Everett S. Lee's push-pull model, demonstrating how value-based self-identity shapes individuals' subjective perception, evaluation, and prioritization of structural forces. Based on interviews with 15 young back-to-the-landers, the study uncovers three core values at the heart of their self-identity: (1) defining moral obligations through a family-centered ethical framework; (2) valuing autonomy as the foundation of a meaningful and fulfilling life; and (3) placing dignity in professional achievement. These values, in turn, reshape how young people interpret structural forces. Specifically, familial responsibility diminishes the urban pull of opportunity and heightens sensitivity to welfare exclusion. Meanwhile, the pursuit of autonomy magnifies urban labor pressures and weakens the lure of higher wages. Furthermore, technological advances make agriculture more appealing by enabling personal autonomy. Valuing dignity through professional achievement rather than prestige reduces the impact of agriculture's low social status. Therefore, back-to-the-land decisions are not simply structural responses but morally grounded choices. By showing how self-identity shapes migration choices, the study offers a new lens on back-to-the-land migration and suggests policies such as improving rural welfare, modernizing agriculture, and professionalizing farming to support value-driven rural revitalization.