A comprehensive overview of phytochemical composition and therapeutic applications of Sida cordifolia L․

Abstract

Introduction

Sida cordifolia L., commonly known as "Bala" or "Country Mallow," is a well-known herb in Ayurvedic and other traditional medicine systems, widely distributed in tropical regions such as India, Brazil, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Traditionally, indigenous communities have used various parts of the plant to manage health conditions like asthma, bronchial disorders, skin diseases, urinary tract infections, dysentery, fever, and as a general tonic. Its use is also documented in Siddha, Unani, and folk medicine for treating inflammation, pain, and as a stimulant.

Methods

This review synthesizes data from ethnobotanical surveys, phytochemical analyses, and pharmacological studies to provide a comprehensive overview of Sida cordifolia. Literature was sourced from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases to examine the plant’s distribution, morphological features, economic aspects, phytochemistry, traditional uses, common extraction techniques, pharmacological activities, and clinical studies.

Results

Phytochemical studies have identified key bioactive compounds in Sida cordifolia, including alkaloids like ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, vasicinone, and vasicinol, along with flavonoids, phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), and fatty acids (sterculic, malvalic, coronaric acids) distributed throughout the roots, seeds, and aerial parts. Modern pharmacological research supports its traditional uses, demonstrating anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. However, due to the presence of ephedrine, the plant may cause stimulant-related side effects, resulting in regulatory restrictions in some countries.

Conclusion

Sida cordifolia L. is a versatile medicinal plant with a longstanding history in traditional medicine for treating a wide range of ailments, particularly respiratory and inflammatory disorders. Its rich phytochemical profile underpins diverse pharmacological activities, supporting both traditional uses and modern therapeutic research.