Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: A review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management

Abstract

Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN) results from maternal alloantibodies attacking fetal red blood cells, leading to fetal anemia and potentially severe complications such as hydrops fetalis. Effective management relies on early detection through maternal antibody screening, fetal antigen testing, and close monitoring of fetal anemia. In cases of severe anemia, intrauterine transfusion (IUT) remains the primary intervention to improve fetal outcomes. Despite this, there is an urgent need for novel medical therapies to prevent or delay disease progression in pregnancies at risk for HDFN.