Metabolism of coclaurine into the WADA-banned substance higenamine: a doping-relevant analytical evaluation of Kampo extracts

Abstract

Higenamine, a β2-agonist, has been listed as a prohibited substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) since 2017, poses a doping risk through the use of traditional herbal formulations. In Japan, Kampo medicines, composed of multiple crude drugs, are widely used, raising concerns about the unintentional intake of banned substances. In this study, urinary excretion of higenamine was observed in mice following coclaurine administration, and higenamine formation was confirmed in human liver microsomes, indicating a potential risk associated with coclaurine-containing herbs. Therefore, 128 Kampo extract products were analyzed to identify crude drugs containing higenamine and/or coclaurine using lateral flow immunoassay (LFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis. Consequently, fourteen crude drugs were identified to contain higenamine and/or coclaurine. Notably, six crude drugs—including Magnolia bark, Japanese Zanthoxylum peel, Jujube seed, Magnolia flower, Cimicifuga rhizome, and Coptis rhizome—were newly confirmed to contain higenamine, while nine—including Cinnamon bark, Magnolia bark, Euodia fruit, Asiasarum root, Japanese Zanthoxylum peel, Cimicifuga rhizome, Jujube, Processed Aconite root, and Phellodendron bark—were newly identified as containing coclaurine. These results underscore the potential risk of doping violations associated with coclaurine, which may be metabolized into higenamine, although coclaurine is not currently classified as a prohibited substance. Our findings highlight the need for regulatory consideration to mitigate unintentional doping risks among athletes using Kampo medicine.

Graphical abstract