Seroprevalence and risk factors of canine leishmaniasis in Mediterranean countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2000–2024)

Abstract

Caused by Leishmania infantum, canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and can threaten public health. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize and standardize existing knowledge about CanL in the Mediterranean by determining global prevalence recorded in the last decades and the potential risk factors associated. According to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) protocol, systematic searches were conducted in three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Between 2000 and 2024, ninety-six eligible publications were selected, and statistically analyzed. The pooled overall CanL seroprevalence was 16.12 % (14,351/134752, 95 % Cl: 13.27–19.18). The highest prevalence rate of 21.73 % (95 % Cl: 15.49–28.69) was reported in the African continent and followed by Southern and Middle Eastern countries. Age, sample size, clinical status and dog's activity were revealed as risk factors associated with CanL (p < 0.0001). The highest prevalence was observed in older dogs (>1 year) (18.72 %; 95 % Cl: 12.73–25.54), sample size <100 (26.82 %, 95 % Cl: 16.56–37.11), presence of clinical signs (30.39 %, 95 % CI: 18.53–43.65) and farming dogs (23.89 %, 95 % Cl: 12.50–37.36). However, no statistical significance was found with sex, breed, WHO regions and the diagnostic methods. These interesting findings are needed to improve the monitoring and management of disease, especially in low-income countries, and to establish crucial control strategies to eradicate the disease across the Mediterranean area and eliminate the transmission risk to humans.