Haloferax and the Haloferacaceae: Potential role in bioindustry

Abstract

Members of the Haloferacaceae, a family of extremely halophilic archaea, exhibit unique physiological and genetic traits that make them promising candidates for biotechnological applications. These organisms thrive in hypersaline environments and tolerate a wide range of stresses, including high temperatures, UV radiation, and toxic metals. Their ability to grow on agro-industrial waste, coupled with their inherent resistance to contamination and the simplicity of downstream processing via osmotic shock, makes them ideal for sustainable bioproduction. Species such as Haloferax mediterranei have been explored for the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates, carotenoids, halocins, and enzymes functional under extreme conditions. Species of Haloferacaceae can also bioremediate saline environments contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and nitrogenous waste. Advances in genetic tools, including CRISPR interference, inducible promoters, and knock-in/knock-out systems, particularly in H. volcanii, have significantly expanded the engineering potential of these archaea. However, there remains a need for further innovation in genetic tools for this family. This review highlights the expanding potential of the Haloferacaceae for circular bioeconomy applications and identifies key technological gaps limiting their broader industrial adoption.