Harnessing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) for sustainable biofuels and bioenergy: A review of biomass feedstock potential, conversion technologies, and forest management in the US

Abstract

Promoting timber production and biomass feedstock for sustainable biofuels and bioenergy requires the proper selection of species and sustainable management practices. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), the most widely planted commercial species in the U.S., provides high-quality wood for the industry and lignocellulosic biomass for renewable energy. In the last few decades, research on bioenergy and biofuel feedstocks has expanded due to rising demand for alternative energy sources. However, gaps remain, particularly in integrating technological and silvicultural optimizations. This study reviewed the existing literature on the potential of loblolly pine as a sustainable alternative feedstock for bioenergy production, including conversion technologies, cellular composition, derivative products, genetic improvement, and forest management practices. While focusing on loblolly pine, many discussed technologies and practices apply broadly to other commercial forest species used for biomass and bioenergy production. Additionally, it identifies the main challenges for feedstock production and conversion, and environmental and socio-economic issues. Lignin recalcitrance and pretreatment costs hinder the conversion process; however, pine derivatives, such as pine terpenes and biochar, offer niche opportunities in biofuel markets. Nonetheless, monoculture risks, public skepticism, and supply chain issues may further complicate the large-scale adoption of the feedstock for energy production. Moreover, advancements in genetic improvement, conversion technologies, and policy support can enhance resource efficiency, reduce fossil fuel dependence, and mitigate environmental impacts through promoting carbon markets. Developing these initiatives can help improve the efficient utilization of feedstock, thereby expanding the sustainable use of loblolly pine in a rapidly evolving circular bio-economy while addressing environmental challenges.