Violation of Bell inequality with unentangled photons

IF 12.5 1区综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES

Science Advances Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI:10.1126/sciadv.adr1794

Kai Wang, Zhaohua Hou, Kaiyi Qian, Leizhen Chen, Mario Krenn, Markus Aspelmeyer, Anton Zeilinger, Shining Zhu, Xiao-Song Ma

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Abstract

Violation of local realism via Bell inequality—a profound and counterintuitive manifestation of quantum theory that conflicts with the prediction of local realism—is viewed to be intimately linked with quantum entanglement. Experimental demonstrations of such a phenomenon using quantum entangled states are among the landmark experiments of modern physics and paved the way for quantum technology. Here, we report the violation of the Bell inequality that cannot be described by quantum entanglement in the system but arises from quantum indistinguishability by path identity, shown by the multiphoton frustrated interference. By analyzing the measurement of four-photon frustrated interference within the standard Bell-test formalism, we find a violation of Bell inequality by more than four SDs. Our work establishes a connection between quantum correlation and quantum indistinguishability, providing insights into the fundamental origin of the counterintuitive characteristics observed in quantum physics.

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非纠缠光子对贝尔不等式的违反

通过贝尔不等式对局部实在论的违反——量子理论的深刻和反直觉的表现，与局部实在论的预测相冲突——被认为与量子纠缠密切相关。利用量子纠缠态对这种现象的实验证明是现代物理学中具有里程碑意义的实验之一，为量子技术铺平了道路。在这里，我们报告了贝尔不等式的违反，它不能用系统中的量子纠缠来描述，而是由路径同一性的量子不可分辨性引起的，由多光子受挫干涉显示。通过分析四光子受挫干涉在标准贝尔检验形式下的测量结果，我们发现了一个超过4个标准差的贝尔不等式违反。我们的工作建立了量子相关性和量子不可区分性之间的联系，为量子物理学中观察到的反直觉特征的基本起源提供了见解。

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来源期刊

Science Advances 综合性期刊-综合性期刊

CiteScore

21.40

自引率

1.50%

发文量

1937

审稿时长

29 weeks

期刊介绍： Science Advances, an open-access journal by AAAS, publishes impactful research in diverse scientific areas. It aims for fair, fast, and expert peer review, providing freely accessible research to readers. Led by distinguished scientists, the journal supports AAAS's mission by extending Science magazine's capacity to identify and promote significant advances. Evolving digital publishing technologies play a crucial role in advancing AAAS's global mission for science communication and benefitting humankind.