Efficient Hardware Architecture Design of K-Means Clustering Algorithm for AV1 Palette Mode Coding

IF 4.9 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
Xiaofeng Huang;Jiaqing Lin;Fengguang Liu;Wen Ji;Haibing Yin;Siwei Ma
{"title":"Efficient Hardware Architecture Design of K-Means Clustering Algorithm for AV1 Palette Mode Coding","authors":"Xiaofeng Huang;Jiaqing Lin;Fengguang Liu;Wen Ji;Haibing Yin;Siwei Ma","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3580435","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The palette mode is a specialized coding tool for coding screen content video in Alliance for Open Media Video 1 (AV1), and K-means clustering is a necessary step in the palette mode. However, the high computational complexity and the strong data dependency in K-means clustering impede real-time processing. To address these issues, we propose an efficient hardware architecture design for the K-means clustering algorithm. Firstly, we propose a fully pipelined hardware architecture with two data-interleaving optimization methods, including K-interleaving and block-interleaving. Then, we propose a novel method for reusing original pixel data, which is motivated by the fact that the input original pixels are the same for different coding blocks. Finally, we propose a parallelized architecture that features three “K-means Engine” modules, with reusing of the “Euclidean distance calculate” module to minimize area. Experimental results show that the proposed hardware architecture can process all K-means clustering for pixels in a superblock in 10246 cycles under 650MHz working frequency, which can achieve 4K@30fps real-time processing. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first attempt to design a K-means clustering hardware accelerator for palette mode in AV1.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 8","pages":"1078-1082"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11039047/","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

The palette mode is a specialized coding tool for coding screen content video in Alliance for Open Media Video 1 (AV1), and K-means clustering is a necessary step in the palette mode. However, the high computational complexity and the strong data dependency in K-means clustering impede real-time processing. To address these issues, we propose an efficient hardware architecture design for the K-means clustering algorithm. Firstly, we propose a fully pipelined hardware architecture with two data-interleaving optimization methods, including K-interleaving and block-interleaving. Then, we propose a novel method for reusing original pixel data, which is motivated by the fact that the input original pixels are the same for different coding blocks. Finally, we propose a parallelized architecture that features three “K-means Engine” modules, with reusing of the “Euclidean distance calculate” module to minimize area. Experimental results show that the proposed hardware architecture can process all K-means clustering for pixels in a superblock in 10246 cycles under 650MHz working frequency, which can achieve 4K@30fps real-time processing. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first attempt to design a K-means clustering hardware accelerator for palette mode in AV1.
AV1调色板模式编码中k -均值聚类算法的高效硬件架构设计
调色板模式是AV1 (Alliance for Open Media video 1)中专门用于对屏幕内容视频进行编码的编码工具,K-means聚类是调色板模式的必要步骤。然而,k均值聚类的高计算复杂度和强数据依赖性阻碍了实时处理。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一种高效的k均值聚类算法硬件架构设计。首先,我们提出了一种全流水线的硬件架构,包括两种数据交错优化方法,包括k交错和块交错。然后,我们提出了一种重用原始像素数据的新方法,该方法的动机是输入的原始像素对于不同的编码块是相同的。最后,我们提出了一个并行架构,该架构具有三个“K-means Engine”模块,并重用“欧几里得距离计算”模块来最小化面积。实验结果表明,在650MHz工作频率下,所提出的硬件架构可以在10246个周期内处理超级块中像素的所有K-means聚类,实现4K@30fps实时处理。据我们所知,我们的工作是第一次尝试为AV1中的调色板模式设计K-means聚类硬件加速器。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 工程技术-工程:电子与电气
CiteScore
7.90
自引率
20.50%
发文量
883
审稿时长
3.0 months
期刊介绍: TCAS II publishes brief papers in the field specified by the theory, analysis, design, and practical implementations of circuits, and the application of circuit techniques to systems and to signal processing. Included is the whole spectrum from basic scientific theory to industrial applications. The field of interest covered includes: Circuits: Analog, Digital and Mixed Signal Circuits and Systems Nonlinear Circuits and Systems, Integrated Sensors, MEMS and Systems on Chip, Nanoscale Circuits and Systems, Optoelectronic Circuits and Systems, Power Electronics and Systems Software for Analog-and-Logic Circuits and Systems Control aspects of Circuits and Systems.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信