Enhanced humoral and cellular immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in people living with HIV: A real-world analysis

IF 3.8 2区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-09 DOI:10.1016/j.jmii.2025.06.013

Tzu-Ping Weng , Ming-Chi Li , Po-Lin Chen , Ching-Lung Lo , Jia-Ling Wu , Wen-Chien Ko , Nan-Yao Lee

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Abstract

Background

Immunogenicity between mRNA and protein subunit coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in people living with HIV (PLWH) remained limited. We aimed to investigate the immunogenicity after different types of COVID-19 vaccines in PLWH and non-HIV individuals.

Materials and methods

The prospective observational study encompassed PLWH and non-HIV adults after primary-booster vaccinations. Humoral immunogenicity was evaluated by serum anti-spike-protein antibody (S-Ab) titer and neutralizing antibody (Nu-Ab) activity by surrogate virus neutralization assay, while cellular immunogenicity of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) reactivity by Covi-FERON ELISA assay. The linear mixed-effects model was used for controlling confounding variables.

Results

Overall 188 PLWH and 192 non-HIV participants were enrolled. The S-Ab titers were significantly lower in PLWH than non-HIV participants after controlling for confounders (P = 0.01). In PLWH, booster with an mRNA vaccine elicited higher S-Ab titers (8,709 U/mL vs. 3,690 U/mL, P = 0.049) and a greater likelihood of Nu-Ab activity (57 % vs. 32 %, P = 0.03) than a protein subunit vaccine. Homologous mRNA/mRNA/mRNA strategy produced higher S-Ab titers (15,490 U/mL vs. 7,415 U/mL, P < 0.01) and positive Nu-Ab activity (71 % vs. 49 %, P = 0.02) than heterologous ChAdO × 1-ChAdO × 1-mRNA regimens. Cellular immunity was comparable between PLWH and non-HIV individuals, though PLWH with CD4 counts ≥200 cells/μL were more likely to exhibit reactive IFN-γ responses (99 % vs. 83 %, P = 0.04).

Conclusion

Primary-booster mRNA vaccination elicited stronger humoral responses than heterologous regimens in PLWH. However, additional booster vaccines may be necessary for PLWH with low CD4 counts and diminished cellular immunity despite vaccination. These findings highlight the importance of tailored vaccination strategies for the immunocompromised population.

查看原文本刊更多论文

COVID-19疫苗在艾滋病毒感染者中的体液和细胞免疫原性增强：现实世界分析

背景：mRNA和蛋白亚单位冠状病毒病2019 （COVID-19）疫苗在HIV感染者（PLWH）中的免疫原性仍然有限。我们的目的是研究不同类型COVID-19疫苗在PLWH和非hiv个体中的免疫原性。材料和方法：前瞻性观察性研究包括初级加强疫苗接种后的PLWH和非hiv成年人。采用替代病毒中和法测定血清抗尖峰蛋白抗体（S-Ab）滴度和中和抗体（Nu-Ab）活性，采用Covi-FERON ELISA法测定细胞免疫原性干扰素γ (IFN-γ)反应性。采用线性混合效应模型控制混杂变量。结果：共有188名PLWH和192名非hiv参与者入组。在控制混杂因素后，PLWH的S-Ab滴度显著低于非hiv参与者（P = 0.01）。在PLWH中，mRNA疫苗增强剂比蛋白亚单位疫苗激发更高的S-Ab滴度（8,709 U/mL vs. 3,690 U/mL, P = 0.049）和更高的Nu-Ab活性可能性（57% vs. 32%, P = 0.03）。同源mRNA/mRNA/mRNA策略产生更高的S-Ab滴度（15,490 U/mL vs. 7,415 U/mL， P）。结论：初级增强mRNA疫苗接种在PLWH中比异种方案引起更强的体液应答。然而，对于CD4计数低和细胞免疫力下降的PLWH，尽管接种了疫苗，但可能需要额外的加强疫苗。这些发现强调了为免疫功能低下人群量身定制疫苗接种策略的重要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection IMMUNOLOGY-INFECTIOUS DISEASES

CiteScore

15.90

自引率

5.40%

发文量

159

审稿时长

67 days

期刊介绍： Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection is an open access journal, committed to disseminating information on the latest trends and advances in microbiology, immunology, infectious diseases and parasitology. Article types considered include perspectives, review articles, original articles, brief reports and correspondence. With the aim of promoting effective and accurate scientific information, an expert panel of referees constitutes the backbone of the peer-review process in evaluating the quality and content of manuscripts submitted for publication.