Select Azo Compounds Post-translationally Modulate HTRA1 Abundance and Activity Potentially through Interactions at the Trimer Interface

Abstract

High-temperature requirement protein A1 (HTRA1) is a secreted serine protease with diverse substrates, including extracellular matrix proteins, proteins involved in amyloid deposition, and growth factors. Accordingly, HTRA1 has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases including a leading cause of blindness in the elderly, age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In fact, genomewide association studies have identified that the 10q26 locus that contains HTRA1 confers the strongest genetic risk factor for AMD. A recent study has suggested that AMD-associated risk alleles located in the HTRA1 gene correlate with a significant age-related defect in HTRA1 synthesis in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) within the eye, possibly accounting for AMD susceptibility. Thus, we sought to identify small molecule enhancers of HTRA1 transcription and/or protein abundance using an unbiased high-throughput screening approach. To accomplish this goal, we used CRISPR/Sp.Cas9 engineering to introduce an 11-amino-acid luminescent peptide tag (HiBiT) onto the C-terminus of HTRA1 in immortalized ARPE-19 cells. Editing was very efficient (∼88%), verified by genomic DNA analysis, short interfering RNA (siRNA), and HiBiT blotting. A total of 1920 compounds from two libraries were screened. An azo compound with reported antiamyloidogenic and cardioprotective activity, Chicago Sky Blue 6B (CSB), was identified as an enhancer of endogenous HTRA1 secretion (2.0 ± 0.3 fold) and intracellular levels (1.7 ± 0.2 fold). These results were counter-screened using HiBiT complement factor H (CFH) edited ARPE-19 cells, verified using HiBiT blotting, and were not due to HTRA1 transcriptional changes. Importantly, serine hydrolase activity-based protein profiling (SH-ABPP) demonstrated that CSB does not affect HTRA1’s specific activity. However, interestingly, in follow-up studies, Congo Red, another azo compound structurally similar to CSB, also substantially increased intracellular HTRA1 levels (up to 3.6 ± 0.3 fold) but was found to significantly impair HTRA1 enzymatic reactivity (0.45 ± 0.07 fold). Computational modeling of potential azo dye interaction with HTRA1 suggests that CSB and Congo Red can bind to the noncatalytic face of the trimer interface but with different orientation tolerances and interaction energies. These studies identify select azo dyes as HTRA1 chemical probes that may serve as starting points for future HTRA1-centered small molecule therapeutics.