Ionic liquid catalysis in synthesizing pyrazoles and triazoles: Advancing efficiency and sustainability

Abstract

Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as designer solvents, have emerged as highly significant in various areas of chemistry due to their unique properties, including low volatility, high thermal stability, and excellent solubility for a wide range of substances. These characteristics make ILs exceptional solvents and catalysts in organic synthesis, enhancing reaction rates, yields, and selectivity. This review focuses on the synthesis of pyrazoles and triazoles using ILs as catalysts, highlighting their advantages over traditional methods. ILs' ability to stabilize reactive intermediates, customize solvent properties, and operate under milder conditions contributes to greener and more sustainable chemical processes. We explore recent advancements in the synthesis of pyrazoles and triazoles, emphasizing the role of various IL types—ranging from neutral and acidic to basic and functionalized ILs—in improving reaction efficiency and environmental impact. Additionally, we discuss the broader applications of ILs in organic reactions, biological processes, and environmental protection. The review concludes with an overview of the current state of IL-catalyzed synthesis, demonstrating the benefits of ILs in facilitating efficient, safe, and sustainable chemical transformations.