Ratiometric water detection using core-multishell upconversion nanoprobes with distinct Er and Tm quenching behaviors

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Dyes and Pigments Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI:10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113072

Venkata N.K.B. Adusumalli, Danial Aiman Kamaruzaman, Yong Il Park

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Abstract

Water-sensitive detection is critical in chemical industries, environmental monitoring, and food and beverage inspection. Ratiometric fluorescence detection has attracted significant attention due to its reduced environmental interference and its ability to differentiate changes in color and intensity. In this study, we present a ratiometric upconversion probe for determining water content in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), using NaYF₄:Yb/Tm@NaYF₄@NaYF₄:Yb/Er@NaYF₄ core-multishell upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). The core is doped with Yb/Tm ions, while the second shell incorporates Yb/Er ions. Under 980 nm laser irradiation, both Er and Tm ions exhibit characteristic emissions, with Er emission initially dominating Tm emission. The core (Tm) acts as a reference source, whereas the second shell (Er) is highly sensitive to external water molecules. As water content increases from 0.05 to 50 vol% in DMF, Er luminescence undergoes more pronounced quenching than Tm luminescence, leading to a distinct ratiometric color shift from green to blue. This dual-emission system allows for precise and sensitive water detection. Owing to their unique near-infrared anti-Stokes luminescence and exceptional chemical and physical stability, these upconversion-based nanoprobes are well-suited for real-time and long-term water monitoring. This work provides valuable insights into designing ratiometric sensors based on UCNPs for diverse environmental and industrial applications.

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具有明显Er和Tm猝灭行为的核-多壳上转换纳米探针的比例水检测

水敏检测在化学工业、环境监测和食品饮料检测中至关重要。比率荧光检测由于其减少环境干扰和区分颜色和强度变化的能力而引起了极大的关注。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种比例上转化探针，用于测定N，N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）中的水分含量，使用NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4@NaYF4:Yb/Er@NaYF4核-多壳上转化纳米颗粒（UCNPs）。核心掺杂Yb/Tm离子，第二壳层掺杂Yb/Er离子。在980 nm激光照射下，Er和Tm离子均表现出特征发射，其中Er的发射在初始阶段占主导地位。核心（Tm）作为参考源，而第二壳层（Er）对外部水分子高度敏感。当DMF中含水量从0.05增加到50 vol%时，Er发光比Tm发光经历更明显的猝灭，导致明显的比例色从绿色到蓝色的转变。这种双发射系统允许精确和敏感的水检测。由于其独特的近红外抗斯托克斯发光和特殊的化学和物理稳定性，这些基于上转换的纳米探针非常适合实时和长期的水监测。这项工作为设计基于UCNPs的用于各种环境和工业应用的比率传感器提供了有价值的见解。

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来源期刊

Dyes and Pigments 工程技术-材料科学：纺织

CiteScore

8.20

自引率

13.30%

发文量

933

审稿时长

33 days

期刊介绍： Dyes and Pigments covers the scientific and technical aspects of the chemistry and physics of dyes, pigments and their intermediates. Emphasis is placed on the properties of the colouring matters themselves rather than on their applications or the system in which they may be applied. Thus the journal accepts research and review papers on the synthesis of dyes, pigments and intermediates, their physical or chemical properties, e.g. spectroscopic, surface, solution or solid state characteristics, the physical aspects of their preparation, e.g. precipitation, nucleation and growth, crystal formation, liquid crystalline characteristics, their photochemical, ecological or biological properties and the relationship between colour and chemical constitution. However, papers are considered which deal with the more fundamental aspects of colourant application and of the interactions of colourants with substrates or media. The journal will interest a wide variety of workers in a range of disciplines whose work involves dyes, pigments and their intermediates, and provides a platform for investigators with common interests but diverse fields of activity such as cosmetics, reprographics, dye and pigment synthesis, medical research, polymers, etc.