Amitriptyline for the Treatment of Extra-esophageal Symptoms in Proton Pump Inhibitor-refractory Patients With Suspected Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

Abstract

Background/aims: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic, heterogeneous condition that impairs quality of life. Extraesophageal symptoms (eg, globus sensation, chronic cough, hoarseness, wheezing) often persist despite proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Tricyclic antidepressants are recommended for such refractory cases, but supporting evidence is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose amitriptyline in treating extraesophageal GERD symptoms.

Methods: We conducted a single-center, single-blind, randomized, controlled crossover pilot trial (2016-2021). Forty patients with typical GERD symptoms plus ≥ 1 atypical symptom (eg, globus, cough) unresponsive to ≥ 4 weeks of PPI therapy were randomized to receive either lansoprazole 30 mg daily plus amitriptyline 10 mg at bedtime or lansoprazole alone for 4 weeks, followed by crossover to the alternate regimen. The primary outcome was symptom improvement assessed by numeric rating scale. Secondary outcomes included changes in quality of life (QoL) measured by the 36-item Short Form survey.

Results: All 40 patients completed the trial. Overall, 75% reported symptom improvement: 65% in the amitriptyline group vs. 85% in the PPI group (P = 0.27). Both groups showed significant reductions in symptom severity (between-group P = 0.90) and improvements in QoL (physical and mental summary scores; P = 0.60 and 0.41, respectively). These improvements persisted post-crossover.

Conclusions: Adding low-dose amitriptyline to PPI therapy did not offer a short-term advantage over PPI alone. Both treatments improved symptoms and QoL. Given the challenging nature of GERD's extraesophageal manifestations and mixed evidence for neuromodulator therapy, further studies are needed to identify patient subgroups that may benefit from adjunctive neuromodulator therapy.