Efficient dye degradation via fenton-like catalysis using GO/MX-Fe2+ composites: Synthesis, performance, and mechanism

Abstract

An efficient and sustainable dye wastewater degradation system is designed by using Fe²⁺-modified graphene oxide/MXenes (GO/MX-Fe²⁺) composites. Experimental results demonstrated that the GO/MX-Fe²⁺ composites acted as an efficient catalyst for Fenton-like reaction; moreover, they functioned as an adsorbent to remove dyes and heavy metal ions from wastewater, enhancing the degradation rate and overall purification performance. Furthermore, the study partially confirmed that the ferrous ions involved in the reaction originate from the cross-linking process during hydrothermal synthesis, rather than adsorption. By controlling the dosage of Fe²⁺, efficient degradation can be achieved while inhibiting the formation of iron sludge. Notably, the system generated a small amount of non-iron byproducts during methylene blue (MB) treatment and almost none in the degradation of other dyes, reflecting its wide applicability. The reaction pH adaptability broadened from acidic to mildly alkaline conditions. The rate of MB within 1 h reached more than 95 %, and the GO/MX-Fe²⁺ composites exhibited good recyclability. This study demonstrated that due to their straightforward preparation, superior performance and minimal secondary pollution, the GO/MX-Fe²⁺ composites are an example of an efficient and sustainable approach for the design of composite materials for dye degradation and environmental remediation.