Holographic Einstein ring of AdS-Reissner–Nordström black holes with Euler–Heisenberg nonlinear electrodynamics

Abstract

This study, situated within the framework of the AdS/CFT correspondence, employs wave optics methods to investigate the Einstein ring structure of quantum-corrected AdS–Reissner–Nordström black holes governed by Euler–Heisenberg nonlinear electrodynamics. A wave source placed on the AdS boundary yields a response function on the antipodal side, from which a virtual optical system with a convex lens reconstructs the holographic image of the Einstein ring. The analysis systematically explores the impact of physical parameters and observer position on the ring's morphology. As the observer's position varies, the image transitions from a complete ring to an arc and eventually to a single bright point. The Einstein ring radius is observed to decrease with increasing wave frequency ω, and chemical potential μ, while it increases with electric charge e and temperature T. Increasing η reduces the image sharpness. In contrast, the quantum correction parameter a has negligible effect on the ring radius or response amplitude, as its contribution falls off rapidly near the boundary and remains subleading in the wave dynamics. The parameter e enhances the electromagnetic lensing strength, leading to a broader ring. Geometric optics analysis confirms that the incident angle of the photon ring matches the Einstein ring angle, validating consistency across frameworks. Overall, the results highlight how nonlinear electromagnetic effects and bulk field configurations manifest in observable boundary features, providing a means to distinguish quantum-corrected black holes from classical solutions.