The necessity for authentication of ancient DNA from archaeological artefacts

Abstract

The study of ancient DNA (aDNA) has revolutionised the fields of archaeology, human evolution and paleoecology, offering new insights into the past. In particular, aDNA can be used to study the origin of unique archaeological artefacts and adds an exciting line of evidence to the multifaceted research of these artefacts. However, aDNA methodology requires thorough consideration due to the inherent risks of modern DNA contamination, misinterpretation of results, and the irreversible destruction of culturally significant materials. This article revisits the importance of adhering to standardised aDNA protocols and established criteria for aDNA authentication. Through the discussion of several peer-reviewed studies from recent literature, we illustrate the benefits and challenges of integrating aDNA into archaeological research. Ultimately, we advocate for consultation and collaboration between archaeologists and aDNA specialists and present a study design schematic that integrates the roles of archaeologists, paleogeneticists and other stakeholders to ensure appropriate protocol selection, and accurate interpretation of aDNA data for the study of archaeological artefacts.