Study of the Benefits of Natural Environments on Cognition in Primary School: The Role of Environmental Characteristics and Sensorimotor Interactions

Abstract

Numerous studies have shown cognitive benefits when children engage in activities in natural environments (NE). These benefits may stem from the restorative qualities of nature, which help reduce stress and replenish attentional capacities. According to embodied cognition theories, cognitive processes are shaped by our interactions with the environment. Given that NE facilitate interactions, we investigated whether cognitive benefits are driven by NE characteristics or sensorimotor interactions. Eighty-nine second-grade students participated in activities under three experimental conditions: sensorimotor activities in NE, non-sensorimotor activities in NE, and sensorimotor activities in built environments. Selective attention, categorization, recognition, short-term retention, and affect were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results showed significant benefits of sensorimotor activities on short-term retention and selective attention, especially in NE. This suggests that sensorimotor experiences support cognitive processes and that NE provides an optimal context for such interactions, enhancing cognitive benefits.