Green extraction and purification of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis: Evaluation of its bioactivity and photoprotection

IF 3.7 3区生物学 Q2 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Biochemical Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI:10.1016/j.bej.2025.109881

Zahrotul Firdaus, Safrina Dyah Hardiningtyas , Iriani Setyaningsih

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Abstract

Phycocyanin extracted from the microalga Spirulina platensis demonstrates diverse biological activities, with its effectiveness depending on its purity. This study focused on developing an eco-friendly extraction method by combining ultrasonication and freeze–thawing, establishing a purification approach using a combination of an aqueous two-phase system with a natural deep eutectic solvent (ATPS-NaDES) alongside precipitation techniques, and assessing phycocyanin’s antioxidant, UV-photoprotective, and antimicrobial properties relative to its purity. The findings revealed that the highest purity index (PI) of phycocyanin (2.49 ± 0.03), achieving cosmeceutical-grade quality with a recovery rate of 69.42 %, was obtained using the combined ATPS-NaDES and precipitation method (N + P). Phycocyanin demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 38.15 ± 0.56 ppm for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 25.70 ± 0.25 ppm for ABTS, along with a Trolox equivalent value of 204.33 μg/mL at 75 ppm in the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Its UV-photoprotective effect was notable, showing a sun protection factor (SPF) of 40.23 ± 0.01 at 5 mg/mL. Additionally, phycocyanin exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Cutibacterium acnes. This study highlights phycocyanin's multifunctional bioactivities, underscoring its potential as a natural antioxidant, photoprotective, and antimicrobial ingredient for cosmetic applications.

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螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白的绿色提取纯化及其生物活性和光防护性评价

从微藻螺旋藻中提取的藻蓝蛋白具有多种生物活性，其有效性取决于其纯度。本研究的重点是开发一种结合超声波和冷冻解冻的环保型提取方法，建立一种结合天然深共晶溶剂（ATPS-NaDES）的双水相体系和沉淀技术的纯化方法，并评估相对于其纯度的藻蓝蛋白的抗氧化、紫外线光防护和抗菌性能。结果表明，采用ATPS-NaDES联合沉淀法（N + P）可获得最高的藻蓝蛋白纯度指数（PI）（2.49 ± 0.03），回收率为69.42 %，达到药妆级质量。藻蓝蛋白显示出很强的抗氧化活性，2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶酰肼（DPPH）的IC₅₀值为38.15 ± 0.56 ppm， ABTS的IC₅₀值为25.70 ± 0.25 ppm，在75 ppm的铁还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）试验中，Trolox的当量为204.33 μg/mL。在5 mg/mL时，其防晒系数（SPF）为40.23 ± 0.01。此外，藻蓝蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和痤疮表皮杆菌表现出有效的抗菌活性。本研究强调了藻蓝蛋白的多功能生物活性，强调了其作为天然抗氧化、光保护和抗菌成分在化妆品应用中的潜力。

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来源期刊

Biochemical Engineering Journal 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

7.10

自引率

5.10%

发文量

380

审稿时长

34 days

期刊介绍： The Biochemical Engineering Journal aims to promote progress in the crucial chemical engineering aspects of the development of biological processes associated with everything from raw materials preparation to product recovery relevant to industries as diverse as medical/healthcare, industrial biotechnology, and environmental biotechnology. The Journal welcomes full length original research papers, short communications, and review papers* in the following research fields: Biocatalysis (enzyme or microbial) and biotransformations, including immobilized biocatalyst preparation and kinetics Biosensors and Biodevices including biofabrication and novel fuel cell development Bioseparations including scale-up and protein refolding/renaturation Environmental Bioengineering including bioconversion, bioremediation, and microbial fuel cells Bioreactor Systems including characterization, optimization and scale-up Bioresources and Biorefinery Engineering including biomass conversion, biofuels, bioenergy, and optimization Industrial Biotechnology including specialty chemicals, platform chemicals and neutraceuticals Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering including bioartificial organs, cell encapsulation, and controlled release Cell Culture Engineering (plant, animal or insect cells) including viral vectors, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, vaccines, and secondary metabolites Cell Therapies and Stem Cells including pluripotent, mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells; immunotherapies; tissue-specific differentiation; and cryopreservation Metabolic Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology including OMICS, bioinformatics, in silico biology, and metabolic flux analysis Protein Engineering including enzyme engineering and directed evolution.