Solution-processed coating methods for perovskite films towards large-scale photovoltaics

Abstract

Over the past decade, organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable advancements in performance, obtaining certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 27 % that is comparable to those of crystalline silicon solar cells. With their unique advantages such as low cost, high efficiency, simple fabrication, and broad applicability, PSCs are emerging as a leading contender for future large-scale photovoltaic production. However, one of the key challenges hindering commercialization is the need for upscaling the PSC without significantly scarifying the PCE. Developing scalable deposition techniques capable of producing large-area, uniform, and high-quality perovskite films is critical for fabricating efficient, reproducible, and stable perovskite devices as well as modules. In-depth knowledge and advanced research on the fabrication processes are essential to control the quality of large-area films. This review discusses scalable solution-based deposition methods, including blade coating, slot-die coating, and spray coating, alongside recent developments in these techniques. Last but not the least, we also explores the challenges and perspectives that must be addressed to further advance the commercialization of PSCs.