The prevalence of behavioral non- communicable diseases risk factors among black Africans in peri-urban community in South Africa

Abstract

Background

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of mortality in South Africa, with their burden influenced by lifestyle, living conditions, ethnicity, and gender.

Methods

A cross-sectional study (N=100; n=50 males, n=50 females; mean age 25.15 ± 5.98) followed the WHO STEPwise approach which ensured systematic data collection. Standardized self-reported questionnaires were used to gather data on key behavioural risk factors, including tobacco use, physical activity, and dietary behaviours. The data collection was conducted over a four-month period, during which participants first completed qualitative questionnaires to provide insights into their lifestyle behaviours.

Results

Physical inactivity emerged as the most prevalent risk factor (20%), followed by tobacco use (17%) and poor nutrition (14%). Smoking rates were significantly higher among males compared to females (26% vs. 8%; P = 0.04), and among younger participants (≤25 years) compared to older ones (24.56% vs. 6.97%; P = 0.01). Poor nutrition was also more common in younger individuals (P = 0.05). While females reported lower smoking rates, they exhibited higher levels of physical inactivity than males (23% vs. 14%).

Conclusion

The findings highlight the persistent prevalence of modifiable behavioural risk factors for NCDs among young adults in South Africa, with distinct age and gender-related patterns. Targeted interventions addressing physical inactivity, tobacco use, and poor nutrition, particularly among males and younger individuals, are essential for reducing the long-term burden of NCDs. Gender-sensitive and age-specific public health strategies may improve lifestyle behaviours and contribute to more effective NCD prevention.