In the shadow of stigmatization: The psychological effects of having a child with special needs on parents in Türkiye: A qualitative research

Abstract

Aim

This study aimed to conduct an in-depth examination of the psychological effects experienced by parents of children with special needs, as well as their encounters with stigmatization in Türkiye.

Background

Raising children with special needs presents considerable psychological and social challenges for parents. Notably, experiences of stigmatization can adversely affect parents' mental health, leading to exclusion and social isolation. There is a paucity of scientific research on the stigmatizing experiences of parents of children with special needs in Türkiye. This study sought to elucidate the effects of stigmatization on mental health by conducting an in-depth examination of parental experiences.

Methods

This study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research method. The study was conducted with 26 parents residing in eastern Türkiye from January 6 to February 28, 2025. The interviews were conducted online, using a semi-structured interview form. Thematic content analysis was performed and the data obtained were evaluated using the MAXQDA 22 program.

Results

Data collected from the interviews were systematically analyzed across six thematic categories: meeting the obstacle, impact on the parenting roles, reactions to the obstacle, experiences of stigmatization, coping strategies, and proposed solutions.

Conclusions

This study elucidates significant findings regarding the stigmatization experiences encountered by parents of children with special needs as well as their coping strategies. The results indicated that parents frequently experienced feelings of burnout, loneliness, inadequacy, and exclusion as a consequence of stigmatization. However, they endeavored to overcome these challenges through social support and individual coping mechanisms. The findings advocate for the reduction of stigmatization and enhancement of parents' access to psychosocial support systems.

Implications for nursing and health policy

Mental health nurses and other healthcare professionals must comprehend the stigmatization experiences encountered by parents of children with special needs, and demonstrate sensitivity to their psychosocial support requirements. Educational programs and awareness campaigns aimed at reducing stigma should be integrated into the health care system. Furthermore, the establishment of psychological counseling and support groups for families of children with special needs is essential to prevent parental isolation. Health policies should be structured to promote comprehensive and accessible services for children with special needs and for their families.