N,S-doped carbon based on phenol formaldehyde resin precursors as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

This work focuses on investigating carbon materials as anodes for sodium-ion batteries, specifically utilizing a non-graphitizable carbon material based on the phenol-formaldehyde resin with varying concentrations of aniline and thiophene as heteroatoms. Four series of experiments were conducted to synthesize anode materials based on a simple phenol-formaldehyde resin precursor. Four different phenol-formaldehyde resin to aniline weight ratios were applied, namely 0:1, 1:1, 9:1, and 3:1. In the case of thiophene there were three samples and the molar ratios of reagents were as follows: 1:1, 9:1, 99:1. This study aims to provide insights into the electrochemical behavior of these novel anode materials, shedding light on the impact of aniline incorporation into phenol-formaldehyde resins for sodium-ion battery applications.