Pyrethroids in sediments and wastewater treatment plant-derived biosolids from Ireland

IF 8 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Science of the Total Environment Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180108

Shijie Wang , Martin Sharkey , Jingxi Jin , William Stubbings , Habib Bagheri , Mark G. Healy , Marie Coggins , Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah , Stuart Harrad

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Abstract

Pyrethroids are widely used synthetic insecticides. This study reports the occurrence, distribution, and ecotoxicological risks of eight pyrethroids in sediments and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Ireland. A total of 120 sediment samples were collected along with 3 biosolids samples from each of seven WWTPs (n = 21). The relative abundance of individual pyrethroids differed between sediment and biosolids samples. Permethrin, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin were predominant in sediments, with cyfluthrin, permethrin and deltamethrin predominant in biosolids. Such disparities may reflect the anaerobic conditions and shorter residence times of biosolids within WWTPs compared to sediments, which may influence the extent of degradation of our target pyrethroids and drive differences in their relative abundance between biosolids and sediments. Pyrethroid concentrations in Irish sediments were generally within the global range. Among the four pyrethroids currently registered in Ireland (cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, deltamethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin), cypermethrin showed the highest concentrations in sediments, likely reflecting both agricultural, aquacultural, and indoor uses. Meanwhile, permethrin and cyfluthrin, although not registered for plant protection in Ireland, were also prevalent—permissible biocidal uses may explain the presence of permethrin, while cyfluthrin warrants further scrutiny. Risk quotient assessment of pyrethroid concentrations in Irish sediments, revealed that while bifenthrin and resmethrin posed low ecotoxicological risks, other pyrethroids such as permethrin, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin presented moderate to high risk in many sediment samples. These findings highlight the widespread distribution and ecotoxicological risks associated with pyrethroid contamination in Ireland's aquatic environments, emphasising the need for continued monitoring and risk management strategies to mitigate their environmental impacts.

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爱尔兰沉积物和废水处理厂衍生生物固体中的拟除虫菊酯

拟除虫菊酯是广泛使用的合成杀虫剂。本研究报告了爱尔兰污水处理厂（WWTPs）沉积物和生物固体中八种拟除虫菊酯的发生、分布和生态毒理学风险。7个污水处理厂（n = 21）共采集沉积物样品120份，生物固体样品3份。个别拟除虫菊酯的相对丰度在沉积物和生物固体样品之间有所不同。沉积物中以氯菊酯、氟氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯为主，生物固体中以氟氯菊酯、氯菊酯和溴氰菊酯为主。这种差异可能反映了与沉积物相比，污水处理厂内生物固体的厌氧条件和较短的停留时间，这可能影响我们的目标拟除虫菊酯的降解程度，并导致生物固体和沉积物之间相对丰度的差异。爱尔兰沉积物中的拟除虫菊酯浓度一般在全球范围内。在目前在爱尔兰登记的四种拟除虫菊酯（氯氰菊酯、艾氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和λ-氯氟氰菊酯）中，氯氰菊酯在沉积物中的浓度最高，可能反映了农业、水产养殖和室内使用。同时，氯菊酯和氟氯菊酯虽然没有在爱尔兰登记为植物保护，但也很普遍——允许的杀菌剂用途可以解释氯菊酯的存在，而氟氯菊酯则需要进一步审查。爱尔兰沉积物中拟除虫菊酯浓度的风险商评估显示，联苯菊酯和异氰菊酯具有较低的生态毒理学风险，而其他拟除虫菊酯，如氯菊酯、氟氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯，在许多沉积物样品中具有中等至较高的风险。这些发现突出了爱尔兰水生环境中与拟除虫菊酯污染相关的广泛分布和生态毒理学风险，强调需要继续监测和风险管理战略，以减轻其对环境的影响。

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来源期刊

Science of the Total Environment 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

17.60

自引率

10.20%

发文量

8726

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Science of the Total Environment is an international journal dedicated to scientific research on the environment and its interaction with humanity. It covers a wide range of disciplines and seeks to publish innovative, hypothesis-driven, and impactful research that explores the entire environment, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. The journal's updated Aims & Scope emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary environmental research with broad impact. Priority is given to studies that advance fundamental understanding and explore the interconnectedness of multiple environmental spheres. Field studies are preferred, while laboratory experiments must demonstrate significant methodological advancements or mechanistic insights with direct relevance to the environment.