Net zero energy buildings: An overview of passive and active designs

Abstract

Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) represent a transformative approach to reducing energy demand and carbon emissions in the built environment. While their importance is increasing, NZEB adoption remains limited in many regions, underscoring the need for a clear understanding of design strategies and implementation barriers. This review synthesizes passive and active design approaches used in NZEBs, supported by a bibliometric analysis of 3962 research publications indexed in the Web of Science. A novel framework is introduced to map these strategies across key research clusters, highlighting global trends, research gaps, and cross-cutting themes. The study analyzes the interaction between passive methods (building orientation, natural ventilation) and active systems (Renewable energy integrations, energy storage, HVAC automation), identifying emerging pathways for smart, climate-resilient buildings. It also outlines research gaps as well as future priorities such as advanced building materials, AI-driven technologies, and performance monitoring across climate zones. Finally, the review emphasizes the need for strong policy and financial support—especially in developing countries—to accelerate NZEB deployment. By combining technical, methodological, and policy insights, this work provides a practical foundation for researchers, designers, and decision-makers working toward a low-carbon, energy-efficient future.