Association between blood cortisol levels and numerical rating scale in prehospital pain assessment.

Abstract

Background: Nowadays, there is no correlation between levels of cortisol and pain in the prehospital setting. The aim of this work was to determine the ability of prehospital cortisol levels to correlate to pain. Cortisol levels were compared with those of the numerical rating scale (NRS).

Methods: This is a prospective observational study looking at adult patients with acute disease managed by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and transferred to the emergency department of two tertiary care hospitals. Epidemiological variables, vital signs, and prehospital blood analysis data were collected. A total of 1516 patients were included, the median age was 67 years (IQR: 51-79; range: 18-103) with 42.7% of females. The primary outcome was pain evaluation by NRS, which was categorized as pain-free (0 points), mild (1-3), moderate (4-6), or severe (≥7). Analysis of variance, correlation, and classification capacity in the form area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve were used to prospectively evaluate the association of cortisol with NRS.

Results: The median NRS and cortisol level are 1 point (IQR: 0-4) and 282 nmol/L (IQR: 143-433). There are 584 pain-free patients (38.5%), 525 mild (34.6%), 244 moderate (16.1%), and 163 severe pain (10.8%). Cortisol levels in each NRS category result in p < 0.001. The correlation coefficient between the cortisol level and NRS is 0.87 (p < 0.001). The AUC of cortisol to classify patients into each NRS category is 0.882 (95% CI: 0.853-0.910), 0.496 (95% CI: 0.446-0.545), 0.837 (95% CI: 0.803-0.872), and 0.981 (95% CI: 0.970-0.991) for the pain-free, mild, moderate, and severe categories, respectively.

Conclusions: Cortisol levels show similar pain evaluation as NRS, with high-correlation for NRS pain categories, except for mild-pain. Therefore, cortisol evaluation via the EMS could provide information regarding pain status.